Watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1e8gqXLbsU to find out more about monads. Monads are these interesting things which allow you to change how functions are composed or chained together. For example, the "List" monad, instead of passing one value to the next part of the computation, will call it several times with each value in the given list, and append the lists that get reported back 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data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAeAAAAFoCAYAAACPNyggAAAOhUlEQVR4Xu3VwQkAAAjEMN1/abewn7jAQRC64wgQIECAAIF3gX1fNEiAAAECBAiMAHsCAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQICLAfIECAAAECgYAAB+gmCRAgQICAAPsBAgQIECAQCAhwgG6SAAECBAgIsB8gQIAAAQKBgAAH6CYJECBAgIAA+wECBAgQIBAICHCAbpIAAQIECAiwHyBAgAABAoGAAAfoJgkQIECAgAD7AQIECBAgEAgIcIBukgABAgQIHLFxAWmhEwHPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCCThe "Maybe" monad allows you to create functions that take and return "Maybe" values, and will fail quietly if it receives an undefined or error value "Nothing". This isn't that useful in Snap!, but it made it easier to test the monad system.mxmy22This syntactic sugar isn't perfect because it doesn't allow for any expression other than "bind" or "return" as the computation, but you can still handle that in the values you return from "bind" and the parameter names. I've added "if .. then .. else" as well, for further ease of use. These are fundamentally equivalent to the reporter "if", and not the command "if", because what you're seeing here is something that gets turned into the nested blocks just above.The "State" monad is used to implement mutable state in purely functional programming languages. Because Snap! is a multiparadigm language with mutable state to begin with, though, it's not very useful. This did help in testing interesting monads with implementations I wouldn't have thought of. A monad where wrapped values are functions that take the current state was really interesting to discover.3The "List" monad. I can perform all sorts of actions on list items with it. Mapping a list item to several list items, or to zero list items, for example, or performing multiple layers of mapping.

Take any number of input lists, and create a new list containing the items of the input lists. So APPEND [A B] [C D] where the [,,,] are lists reports the list [A B C D] not [[A B] [C D]].

11111Reports a new list containing the items of the input list, but in the opposite order.

1inputresultReports a new list whose items are the same as in the input list, except that if two or more equal items appear in the input list, only the last one is kept in the result.

1Reports a sorted version of the list in its first input slot, using the comparison function in the second input slot. For a list of numbers, using < as the comparison function will sort from low to high; using > will sort from high to low.

1even itemsmerge11#1#2The second input is an "association list," a list of two-item lists. Each of those smaller lists has a "key" as its first item and a "value" as its second. ASSOC reports the first key-value pair in the association list whose key matches the first input.

11

#11datacountmapmany##1#1data listscount

#1datacount1

false

lstep1evaluated21bind31if34

valuecompxvaluecompx and new state12current statexstatevaluecomp#x